Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL

Public Use Microdata Area (PUMA)

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2021 Population

172,751

4.46% 1-year growth

US Senator

Marco Rubio

Republican Party

US Senator

Rick Scott

Republican Party

2021 Median Age

35.5

0% 1-year change

2021 Poverty Rate

16.9%

8.05% 1-year increase

2021 Median Household Income

$53,059

4% 1-year growth

2021 Median Property Value

$166,000

9.93% 1-year growth

2021 Employed Population

82,925

4.37% 1-year growth

About

In 2021, Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL had a population of 173k people with a median age of 35.5 and a median household income of $53,059. Between 2020 and 2021 the population of Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL grew from 165,382 to 172,751, a 4.46% increase and its median household income grew from $51,018 to $53,059, a 4% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL are White (Non-Hispanic) (47.7%), Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (33.5%), White (Hispanic) (4.96%), Asian (Non-Hispanic) (4%), and Two+ (Non-Hispanic) (3.79%).

12.6% of the households in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

96.5% of the residents in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL are U.S. citizens.

The largest universities in Duval County (Southwest Central)--Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL are Florida Career College-Jacksonville (257 degrees awarded in 2021), Parisian Spa Institute (230 degrees), and Trinity Baptist College (72 degrees).

In 2021, the median property value in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL was $166,000, and the homeownership rate was 53.5%.

Most people in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL drove alone to work, and the average commute time was 25.4 minutes. The average car ownership in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL was 2 cars per household.

Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL borders Clay County PUMA, FL, Jacksonville City (North & West) PUMA, FL, Jacksonville City (Northwest) PUMA, FL, Jacksonville City (Southeast) PUMA, FL, and Jacksonville City (Southeast River) PUMA, FL.

United States Florida

Population & Diversity

Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL is home to a population of 173k people, from which 96.5% are citizens. As of 2021, 8.23% of Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL residents were born outside of the country (14.2k people).

In 2021, there were 1.42 times more White (Non-Hispanic) residents (82.5k people) in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL than any other race or ethnicity. There were 57.9k Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) and 8.57k White (Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

The most common non-English languages spoken as the primary langauge in households in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL are Spanish (10,883 households), Tagalog (Incl. Filipino) (2,112 households), and Vietnamese (1,564 households).

Population & Diversity

Residents by Gender and Age

RACE/ETHNICITY

89,698

Women

51.9%

82,989

Men

48.1%

The resident population of United States in 2021 was 172,687 inhabitants, with 48.1% men, and 51.9% women.

The visualization shows the distribution of the residents by gender and age in the United States.

With the upper buttons you can add a filter by race.

Citizenship

96.5%

2021 Citizenship

96.5%

2020 Citizenship

As of 2021, 96.5% of Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL residents were US citizens, which is higher than the national average of 93.4%. In 2020, the percentage of US citizens in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL was 96.5%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been decreasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Diversity

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL

White (Non-Hispanic)
82.5k ± 3k
Black or African American (Non-Hispanic)
57.9k ± 2.99k
White (Hispanic)
8.57k ± 1.28k

10.4%

Hispanic Population

17.9k people

10.4% of the people in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL are hispanic (17.9k people).

The following chart shows the 7 races represented in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL as a share of the total population.

Global Diversity

Most Common Origin

Philippines
2,405 ± 1,196 people
Vietnam
1,273 ± 873 people
Cuba
1,079 ± 804 people

In 2021, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL was Philippines, the natal country of 2,405 Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL residents, followed by Vietnam with 1,273 and Cuba with 1,079.

Foreign-Born Population

8.23%

2021 Foreign-Born Population

14.2k people

8.14%

2020 Foreign-Born Population

13.5k people

As of 2021, 8.23% of Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL residents (14.2k people) were born outside of the United States, which is lower than the national average of 13.6%. In 2020, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL was 8.14%, meaning that the rate has been increasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Non-English Households

Most Common Non-English Languages

Spanish
10,883 households (6.78%)
Tagalog (Incl. Filipino)
2,112 households (1.32%)
Vietnamese
1,564 households (0.975%)

12.6% of the households in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language, which is lower than the national average of 21.7%. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

In 2021, the most common non-English language spoken in households in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL was Spanish. 6.78% of the households in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL reported speaking Spanish at home as the primary shared language between all members living in the household.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Gulf War (2001-)
5,012 ± 710
Gulf War (1990s)
3,847 ± 687
Vietnam
3,680 ± 436

Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL has a large population of military personnel who served in Gulf War (2001-), 1.3 times greater than any other conflict.

Economy

The economy of Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL employs 82.9k people. The largest industries in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL are Restaurants & Food Services (5,194 people), Construction (4,959 people), and General medical and surgical hospitals, and specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals (4,100 people), and the highest paying industries are Scientific research & development services ($241,279), Broadcasting (except internet) ($104,751), and Nondepository credit & related activities ($102,958).

Males in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL have an average income that is 1.13 times higher than the average income of females, which is $48,557. The income inequality in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL (measured using the Gini index) is 0.415, which is lower than than the national average.

Employment

Workforce Diversity

Measure

RACE/ETHNICITY

38,130

Women

48%

41,326

Men

52%

The workforce of Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL in 2020 was 79,456 people, with 48% woman, and 52% men.

The visualization shows the distribution of the workforce by gender and age in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL.

With the upper buttons you can see the distribution of the average salary and add a filter by race.

Occupations

82.9k

2021 Value

4.37%

1 Year growth

± 4.37%

From 2020 to 2021, employment in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL grew at a rate of 4.37%, from 79.5k employees to 82.9k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL, are Driver/sales workers & truck drivers (2,873 people), Customer service representatives (2,714 people), and Laborers & freight, stock, & material movers, hand (2,136 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL.

Unemployment Insurance Claims

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for false.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in Florida (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

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Industries

Employment by Industries

82.9k

2021 Value

4.37%

1 Year growth

± 4.37%

From 2020 to 2021, employment in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL grew at a rate of 4.37%, from 79.5k employees to 82.9k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL, are Restaurants & Food Services (5,194 people), Construction (4,959 people), and General medical and surgical hospitals, and specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals (4,100 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL, though some of these residents may live in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Median Earnings by Industry

$38,786

Median earning men ± $2,086

$32,898

Median earning women ± $1,256

The industries with the best median earnings for men in 2021 are Finance & Insurance, & Real Estate & Rental & Leasing ($54,933), Manufacturing ($53,506), and Educational Services, & Health Care & Social Assistance ($47,815).

The industries with the best median earnings for women in 2021 are Construction ($58,167), Finance & Insurance, & Real Estate & Rental & Leasing ($43,335), and Public Administration ($42,155).

Employment by Industry Sector

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for false.

Y-Axis

2.75%

Year-over-year growth

Employment change between February 2022 and February 2023

As of February 2023, there are 155M people employed in Florida. This represents a 2.75% increase in employment when compared to February 2022.

The following chart shows monthly employment numbers for each industry sector in Florida.

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Domestic Trade

Domestic Production & Consumption

Domestic production and consumption consists of products and services shipped from Florida to other states, or from other states to Florida.

Top Domestic Production in Dollars

In 2020, the top outbound Florida product (by dollars) was Mixed freight with $93.7B, followed by Electronics ($57.8B) and Pharmaceuticals ($56.4B).

The following chart shows the share of these products in relation to all outbound Florida products.

Domestic Trade Growth

Showing data for Florida.

$640B

2020 Value in Florida

$1.41T

Projected 2050 Value in Florida

121% growth

In 2020, total outbound Florida trade was $640B. This is expected to increase 121% to $1.41T by 2050.

The following chart shows how the domestic outbound Florida trade is projected to change in comparison to its neighboring states.

Interstate Trade

Interstate trade consists of products and services shipped from Florida to other states, or from other states to Florida.

Most Common Trade Partners

Georgia
$22.9B
Texas
$17.8B
California
$14.6B

In 2020, the top outbound Florida domestic partner for goods and services (by dollars) was Georgia with $22.9B, followed by Texas with $17.8B and California and $14.6B.

The following map shows the amount of trade that Florida shares with each state (excluding itself).

Civics

In the 2020 presidential election, the popular vote in Florida went to Donald J. Trump with 51.2% of the vote. The runner-up was Joseph R Biden Jr. (47.9%), followed by Jo Jorgensen (0.635%).

Marco Rubio and Rick Scott are the senators currently representing the state of Florida. In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

Florida is currently represented by 28 members in the U.S. house, and members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms.

Presidential Elections

Presidential Popular Vote Over Time

Voting results are not available for Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL. Showing the available data for Florida.

2020 Election Results

Donald J. Trump (51.2%)
Republican Party
Joseph R Biden Jr. (47.9%)
Democratic Party
Jo Jorgensen (0.635%)
Libertarian Party

In the 2020 presidential election, the popular vote in Florida went to Donald J. Trump with 51.2% of the vote. The runner-up was Joseph R Biden Jr. (47.9%), followed by Jo Jorgensen (0.635%).

The following chart shows the popular vote results in Florida for each registered party from 1976 to 2020.

Senator Elections

US Senators from Florida

Senatorial voting results are only available at the state level. Showing data for Florida.

Marco Rubio

Senator from Florida

Assumed office on January 3, 2011

Rick Scott

Senator from Florida

Assumed office on January 8, 2019
Inauguration delayed in order to finish his term as Governor of Florida.

Marco Rubio and Rick Scott are the senators currently representing Florida.

In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

The following chart shows elected senators in Florida over time, excluding special elections, colored by their political party.

US Representative Elections

US Representatives from Florida

Florida is currently represented by 28 members in the U.S. house.

Members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms, and the following chart shows the how the members for Florida have changed over time starting in 2008.

Education

In 2021, universities in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL awarded 569 degrees. The student population of Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL in 2021 is skewed towards women, with 322 male students and 870 female students.

Most students graduating from Universities in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL are Black or African American (241 and 42.4%), followed by White (137 and 24.1%), Unknown (123 and 21.7%), and Hispanic or Latino (50 and 8.8%).

The largest universities in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL by number of degrees awarded are Florida Career College-Jacksonville (257 and 45.2%), Parisian Spa Institute (230 and 40.4%), and Trinity Baptist College (72 and 12.7%).

The most popular majors in Duval County (Southwest Central)--Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL are Medical Assistant (118 and 20.7%), Aesthetician & Skin Care Specialist (108 and 19%), and Dental Assisting (64 and 11.2%).

The median tuition cost in Duval County (Southwest Central)--Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL for private four year colleges is $11,980.

Admissions & Enrollments

Applicants, Admissions & Enrolled

University

Measure

In 2021 in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL, the percentage of applicants admitted was 43%, while the percentage of admitted who enrolled was 64.2%. The number of students enrolled in 2021 was 1,192 (27% men and 73% women).

The line chart shows the evolution of the percentage of applicants admitted, admitted who enrolled or the number of students enrolled according to the option selected in the upper button.

Enrollments by Gender and Races

Universities

In 2021 there were 1,192 students enrolled in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL, 27% men and 73% women.

By race, the largest number of students enrolled was concentrated in Black or African American with 424 records, of which 79.5% were women and 20.5% men.

Completions

Concentrations

Most Common

Medical Assistant
118 degrees awarded
Dental Assisting
64 degrees awarded
HVAC Maintenance
39 degrees awarded

In 2021, the most common concentation for 1 to 2 Year Postsecondary Certificate recipients in Duval County (Southwest Central)--Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL was Medical Assistant with 118 degrees awarded.

This visualization illustrates the percentage of students graduating with a 1 to 2 Year Postsecondary Certificate from schools in Duval County (Southwest Central)--Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL according to their major.

Universities

Gender

Race

Largest Universities by degrees awarded

Florida Career College-Jacksonville
257 degrees awarded
Parisian Spa Institute
230 degrees awarded
Trinity Baptist College
72 degrees awarded

In 2021, the institution with the largest number of graduating students was Florida Career College-Jacksonville with 257 degrees awarded.

Student Diversity

University

In 2021, 106 men were awarded degrees from institutions in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL, which is 0.229 times less than the 463 female students who received degrees in the same year.

In 2021 the most common race/ethnicity group awarded degrees at institutions was Black or African American students. These 241 degrees mean that there were 1.76 times more degrees awarded to Black or African American students then the next closest race/ethnicity group, White, with 137 degrees awarded.

Awarded Degrees over Time

The graph shows the evolution of awarded degrees by degrees. Under the paragraphs, the average number of awarded degrees by university in each degree is shown.

Tuition

Average Net Price by Sector

Universities

Private not-for-profit, 4-year or above ($11,980) is the sector with the highest median state tuition in 2021.

Private not-for-profit, 4-year or above ($1,200) is the sector with the highest median state fee in 2021.

Private not-for-profit, 4-year or above ($1,212) is the sector with the highest average net price of books and supplies.

The graph shows the average net price by sector and year.

Working Population

Educational Pyramid

Measure

In 2021, 0.858% of men over 25 years of age had not completed any academic degree (no schooling), while 1.25% of women were in the same situation.

This visualization shows the gender distribution of the population according to the academic level reached.

Educational Attainment

Race

The most common educational levels obtained by the working population of Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL in 2021 were High School or Equivalent (45.4k), Some college (29.5k), and Bachelors Degree (21.1k).

This visualization illustrates the percentage distribution of the population according to the highest educational level reached. You can filter the data by race by using the selector above.

Housing & Living

The median property value in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL was $166,000 in 2021, which is 0.678 times smaller than the national average of $244,900. Between 2020 and 2021 the median property value increased from $151,000 to $166,000, a 9.93% increase. The homeownership rate in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL is 53.5%, which is approximately the same as the national average of 64.6%.

People in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL have an average commute time of 25.4 minutes, and they drove alone to work. Car ownership in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL is approximately the same as the national average, with an average of 2 cars per household.

Median household income in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL is $53,059. In 2021, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL was Weston, Pembroke Pines (Northwest) Cities & Southwest Ranches Town PUMA, FL with a value of $119,189, followed by Coral Gables City, Pinecrest Village & Kendall (South) PUMA, FL and Wellington Village & Agricultural Reserve PUMA, FL, with respective values of $110,497 and $105,882.

Housing

Property

$166,000

Median Property Value 2021

±$3,598

$37,178

Median Property Taxes

±$1,620

The following chart display owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL the largest share of households pay taxes in the $800 - $1,499 range.

The chart underneath the paragraph shows the property taxes in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies.

Rent vs Own

53.5%

Homeownership

2021

70.9%

Homeowners with Mortgage

2021

In 2021, 53.5% of the housing units in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL were occupied by their owner. This percentage grew from the previous year's rate of 52.9%.

This chart shows the percentage of owner in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Equity

Income by Location

Use the dropdown to filter by race/ethnicity.

Race/Ethnicity

Highest Median Household Income (Total)

In 2021, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL was Weston, Pembroke Pines (Northwest) Cities & Southwest Ranches Town PUMA, FL with a value of $119,189, followed by Coral Gables City, Pinecrest Village & Kendall (South) PUMA, FL and Wellington Village & Agricultural Reserve PUMA, FL, with respective values of $110,497 and $105,882.

The following map shows all of the PUMAs in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL colored by their Median Household Income (Total).

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$53,059

Median Household Income

± $1,629

69.5k

Number of Households

± 2,490

In 2021, the median household income of the 69.5k households in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL grew to $53,059 from the previous year's value of $51,018.

The following chart displays the households in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the $75k - $100k range.

Wage Distribution

0.415

2021 Wage GINI in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL

0.419

2020 Wage GINI in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL

In 2021, the income inequality in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL was 0.415 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 0.933% decline from 2020 to 2021, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat more even. The GINI for Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL was lower than than the national average of 0.478. In other words, wages are distributed more evenly in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Transportation

Commuter Transportation

Most Common Commute in 2021

Drove Alone (75.9%)
Carpooled (8.92%)
Worked At Home (8.53%)

In 2021, 75.9% of workers in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL drove alone to work, followed by those who carpooled to work (8.92%) and those who worked at home (8.53%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Commute Time

25.4 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL have a shorter commute time (25.4 minutes) than the normal US worker (26.8 minutes). Additionally, 1.77% of the workforce in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Car Ownership

2 cars

Average Number

The following chart displays the households in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL have 2 cars.

Poverty

Poverty & Diversity

16.9% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL (28.8k out of 170k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is higher than the national average of 12.6%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Females 25 - 34, followed by Females 55 - 64 and then Females 6 - 11.

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL is Black, followed by White and Hispanic.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

Social Needs

Data only available at the state level.

Most prevalent states

California
35,798 individuals
New York
5,087 individuals
Florida
4,915 individuals

In 2017, California had the highest estimated number of chronically homeless individuals in the nation, at 35,798. New York has the second highest (5,087), followed by Florida (4,915).

The following map shows the estimated number of chronically homeless individuals by state over multiple years.

Health

86.8% of the population of Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL has health coverage, with 39.8% on employee plans, 20.2% on Medicaid, 8.21% on Medicare, 15% on non-group plans, and 3.57% on military or VA plans.

Primary care physicians in Florida see 1372 patients per year on average, which represents a 0.939% decrease from the previous year (1385 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 1631 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 546 patients per year.

Coverage

Patient to Clinician Ratios

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Florida.

1,372 to 1

Patient to Primary Care Physician Ratio in Florida

Primary care physicians in Florida see an average of 1,372 patients per year. This represents a 0.939% decrease from the previous year (1,385 patients).

The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in Florida in comparison to its neighboring geographies.

Health Care Diversity

In 2021, insured persons according to age ranges were distributed in 24.7% under 18 years, 24.1% between 18 and 34 years, 38.4% between 35 and 64 years, and 12.8% over 64 years.

By gender, of the total number of insured persons, 46.8% were men and 53.2% were women.

The following chart shows the number of people with health coverage by gender.

Uninsured People

13.2%

Uninsured

39.8%

Employer Coverage

20.2%

Medicaid

8.21%

Medicare

15%

Non-Group

3.57%

Military or VA

Between 2020 and 2021, the percent of uninsured citizens in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL grew by 4.65% from 12.6% to 13.2%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Jacksonville City (Southwest) PUMA, FL changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.