Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH

Public Use Microdata Area (PUMA)

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2021 Population

112,772

0.00621% 1-year growth

US Senator

Sherrod Brown

Democratic Party

US Senator

J. D. Vance

Republican Party

2021 Median Age

40.9

0% 1-year change

2021 Poverty Rate

16.3%

7.23% 1-year decrease

2021 Median Household Income

$52,585

7.25% 1-year growth

2021 Median Property Value

$132,200

4.18% 1-year growth

2021 Employed Population

45,867

0.911% 1-year growth

About

In 2021, Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH had a population of 113k people with a median age of 40.9 and a median household income of $52,585. Between 2020 and 2021 the population of Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH grew from 112,765 to 112,772, a 0.00621% increase and its median household income grew from $49,031 to $52,585, a 7.25% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH are White (Non-Hispanic) (94.3%), Two+ (Non-Hispanic) (2.41%), Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (1.25%), White (Hispanic) (0.683%), and Other (Hispanic) (0.382%).

2.62% of the households in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

99.2% of the residents in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH are U.S. citizens.

The largest universities in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH are Wilmington College (334 degrees awarded in 2021) and Southern State Community College (304 degrees).

In 2021, the median property value in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH was $132,200, and the homeownership rate was 71.1%.

Most people in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH drove alone to work, and the average commute time was 29.1 minutes. The average car ownership in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH was 2 cars per household.

Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH borders Buffalo Trace & Gateway Area Development Districts PUMA, KY, Greene County PUMA, OH, Ross & Fayette Counties PUMA, OH, Jackson, Hocking, Pike & Vinton Counties PUMA, OH, Scioto & Lawrence Counties PUMA, OH, Lebanon & Springboro (East) Cities PUMA, OH, and Clermont (East) & Brown Counties PUMA, OH.

United States Ohio

Population & Diversity

Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH is home to a population of 113k people, from which 99.2% are citizens. As of 2021, 1.36% of Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH residents were born outside of the country (1.54k people).

In 2021, there were 39.1 times more White (Non-Hispanic) residents (106k people) in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH than any other race or ethnicity. There were 2.72k Two+ (Non-Hispanic) and 1.41k Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

The most common non-English languages spoken as the primary langauge in households in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH are Yiddish, Pennsylvania Dutch or Other West Germanic Languages (829 households), Spanish (752 households), and German (626 households).

Population & Diversity

Residents by Gender and Age

RACE/ETHNICITY

56,819

Women

50.4%

55,847

Men

49.6%

The resident population of United States in 2021 was 112,666 inhabitants, with 49.6% men, and 50.4% women.

The visualization shows the distribution of the residents by gender and age in the United States.

With the upper buttons you can add a filter by race.

Citizenship

99.2%

2021 Citizenship

99.3%

2020 Citizenship

As of 2021, 99.2% of Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH residents were US citizens, which is higher than the national average of 93.4%. In 2020, the percentage of US citizens in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH was 99.3%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been decreasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Diversity

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH

White (Non-Hispanic)
106k ± 156
Two+ (Non-Hispanic)
2.72k ± 333
Black or African American (Non-Hispanic)
1.41k ± 287

1.44%

Hispanic Population

1.63k people

1.44% of the people in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH are hispanic (1.63k people).

The following chart shows the 7 races represented in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH as a share of the total population.

Global Diversity

Most Common Origin

Colombia
167 ± 317 people
Japan
122 ± 271 people
India
101 ± 247 people

In 2021, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH was Colombia, the natal country of 167 Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH residents, followed by Japan with 122 and India with 101.

Foreign-Born Population

1.36%

2021 Foreign-Born Population

1.54k people

1.3%

2020 Foreign-Born Population

1.47k people

As of 2021, 1.36% of Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH residents (1.54k people) were born outside of the United States, which is lower than the national average of 13.6%. In 2020, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH was 1.3%, meaning that the rate has been increasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Non-English Households

Most Common Non-English Languages

Yiddish, Pennsylvania Dutch or Other West Germanic Languages
829 households (0.783%)
Spanish
752 households (0.71%)
German
626 households (0.591%)

2.62% of the households in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language, which is lower than the national average of 21.7%. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

In 2021, the most common non-English language spoken in households in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH was Yiddish, Pennsylvania Dutch or Other West Germanic Languages. 0.783% of the households in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH reported speaking Yiddish, Pennsylvania Dutch or Other West Germanic Languages at home as the primary shared language between all members living in the household.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Vietnam
2,629 ± 305
Gulf War (1990s)
1,337 ± 272
Gulf War (2001-)
1,140 ± 256

Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH has a large population of military personnel who served in Vietnam, 1.97 times greater than any other conflict.

Economy

The economy of Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH employs 45.9k people. The largest industries in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH are Elementary & secondary schools (3,411 people), Restaurants & Food Services (2,735 people), and Construction (2,675 people), and the highest paying industries are Pharmaceutical & medicine manufacturing ($182,730), Commercial & industrial machinery & equipment repair & maintenance ($148,124), and National security & international affairs ($107,490).

Males in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH have an average income that is 1.38 times higher than the average income of females, which is $41,406. The income inequality in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH (measured using the Gini index) is 0.414, which is lower than than the national average.

Employment

Workforce Diversity

Measure

RACE/ETHNICITY

22,296

Women

49.1%

23,157

Men

50.9%

The workforce of Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH in 2020 was 45,453 people, with 49.1% woman, and 50.9% men.

The visualization shows the distribution of the workforce by gender and age in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH.

With the upper buttons you can see the distribution of the average salary and add a filter by race.

Occupations

45.9k

2021 Value

0.911%

1 Year growth

± 0.911%

From 2020 to 2021, employment in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH grew at a rate of 0.911%, from 45.5k employees to 45.9k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH, are Driver/sales workers & truck drivers (1,568 people), Elementary & middle school teachers (1,428 people), and Laborers & freight, stock, & material movers, hand (1,360 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH.

Unemployment Insurance Claims

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for false.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in Ohio (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

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Industries

Employment by Industries

45.9k

2021 Value

0.911%

1 Year growth

± 0.911%

From 2020 to 2021, employment in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH grew at a rate of 0.911%, from 45.5k employees to 45.9k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH, are Elementary & secondary schools (3,411 people), Restaurants & Food Services (2,735 people), and Construction (2,675 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH, though some of these residents may live in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Median Earnings by Industry

$42,379

Median earning men ± $1,625

$29,648

Median earning women ± $1,289

The industries with the best median earnings for men in 2021 are Information ($70,625), Public Administration ($63,038), and Finance & Insurance, & Real Estate & Rental & Leasing ($51,000).

The industries with the best median earnings for women in 2021 are Construction ($51,154), Manufacturing ($37,431), and Public Administration ($35,619).

Employment by Industry Sector

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for false.

Y-Axis

2.75%

Year-over-year growth

Employment change between February 2022 and February 2023

As of February 2023, there are 155M people employed in Ohio. This represents a 2.75% increase in employment when compared to February 2022.

The following chart shows monthly employment numbers for each industry sector in Ohio.

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Domestic Trade

Domestic Production & Consumption

Domestic production and consumption consists of products and services shipped from Ohio to other states, or from other states to Ohio.

Top Domestic Production in Dollars

In 2020, the top outbound Ohio product (by dollars) was Machinery with $56.1B, followed by Mixed freight ($53.3B) and Motorized vehicles ($50B).

The following chart shows the share of these products in relation to all outbound Ohio products.

Domestic Trade Growth

Showing data for Ohio.

$651B

2020 Value in Ohio

$1.24T

Projected 2050 Value in Ohio

91% growth

In 2020, total outbound Ohio trade was $651B. This is expected to increase 91% to $1.24T by 2050.

The following chart shows how the domestic outbound Ohio trade is projected to change in comparison to its neighboring states.

Interstate Trade

Interstate trade consists of products and services shipped from Ohio to other states, or from other states to Ohio.

Most Common Trade Partners

Michigan
$44B
Indiana
$38.3B
Pennsylvania
$30.3B

In 2020, the top outbound Ohio domestic partner for goods and services (by dollars) was Michigan with $44B, followed by Indiana with $38.3B and Pennsylvania and $30.3B.

The following map shows the amount of trade that Ohio shares with each state (excluding itself).

Civics

In the 2020 presidential election, the popular vote in Ohio went to Donald J. Trump with 53.3% of the vote. The runner-up was Joseph R Biden Jr. (45.2%), followed by Jo Jorgensen (1.14%).

Sherrod Brown and J. D. Vance are the senators currently representing the state of Ohio. In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

Ohio is currently represented by 15 members in the U.S. house, and members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms.

Presidential Elections

Presidential Popular Vote Over Time

Voting results are not available for Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH. Showing the available data for Ohio.

2020 Election Results

Donald J. Trump (53.3%)
Republican Party
Joseph R Biden Jr. (45.2%)
Democratic Party
Jo Jorgensen (1.14%)
Libertarian Party

In the 2020 presidential election, the popular vote in Ohio went to Donald J. Trump with 53.3% of the vote. The runner-up was Joseph R Biden Jr. (45.2%), followed by Jo Jorgensen (1.14%).

The following chart shows the popular vote results in Ohio for each registered party from 1976 to 2020.

Senator Elections

US Senators from Ohio

Senatorial voting results are only available at the state level. Showing data for Ohio.

Sherrod Brown

Senator from Ohio

Assumed office on January 3, 2007

J. D. Vance

Senator from Ohio

Assumed office on January 3, 2023

Sherrod Brown and J. D. Vance are the senators currently representing Ohio.

In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

The following chart shows elected senators in Ohio over time, excluding special elections, colored by their political party.

US Representative Elections

US Representatives from Ohio

Ohio is currently represented by 15 members in the U.S. house.

Members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms, and the following chart shows the how the members for Ohio have changed over time starting in 2008.

Education

In 2021, universities in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH awarded 638 degrees. The student population of Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH in 2021 is skewed towards women, with 1,066 male students and 1,903 female students.

Most students graduating from Universities in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH are White (545 and 85.8%), followed by Black or African American (30 and 4.72%), Two or More Races (17 and 2.68%), and Hispanic or Latino (16 and 2.52%).

The largest universities in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH by number of degrees awarded are Wilmington College (334 and 52.4%) and Southern State Community College (304 and 47.6%).

The most popular majors in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH are Liberal Arts & Sciences (133 and 20.8%), General Business Administration & Management (76 and 11.9%), and General Agriculture Management (58 and 9.09%).

The median tuition cost in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH for private four year colleges is $27,720.

Admissions & Enrollments

Applicants, Admissions & Enrolled

University

Measure

In 2021 in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH, the percentage of applicants admitted was 86.9%, while the percentage of admitted who enrolled was 17.1%. The number of students enrolled in 2021 was 2,969 (35.9% men and 64.1% women).

The line chart shows the evolution of the percentage of applicants admitted, admitted who enrolled or the number of students enrolled according to the option selected in the upper button.

Enrollments by Gender and Races

Universities

In 2021 there were 2,969 students enrolled in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH, 35.9% men and 64.1% women.

By race, the largest number of students enrolled was concentrated in White with 2,568 records, of which 65.6% were women and 34.4% men.

Completions

Concentrations

Most Common

General Business Administration & Management
60 degree-majors awarded
General Agriculture Management
58 degree-majors awarded
General Education
32 degree-majors awarded

In 2021, the most common concentation for Bachelors Degree recipients in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH was General Business Administration & Management with 60 degrees awarded.

This visualization illustrates the percentage of students graduating with a Bachelors Degree from schools in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH according to their major.

Universities

Gender

Race

Largest Universities by degrees awarded

Wilmington College
334 degrees awarded
Southern State Community College
304 degrees awarded

In 2021, the institution with the largest number of graduating students was Wilmington College with 334 degrees awarded.

Student Diversity

University

In 2021, 223 men were awarded degrees from institutions in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH, which is 0.537 times less than the 415 female students who received degrees in the same year.

In 2021 the most common race/ethnicity group awarded degrees at institutions was White students. These 545 degrees mean that there were 18.2 times more degrees awarded to White students then the next closest race/ethnicity group, Black or African American, with 30 degrees awarded.

Awarded Degrees over Time

The graph shows the evolution of awarded degrees by degrees. Under the paragraphs, the average number of awarded degrees by university in each degree is shown.

Tuition

Average Net Price by Sector

Universities

Private not-for-profit, 4-year or above ($27,720) is the sector with the highest median state tuition in 2021.

Private not-for-profit, 4-year or above ($1,050) is the sector with the highest median state fee in 2021.

Public, 2-year ($2,050) is the sector with the highest average net price of books and supplies.

The graph shows the average net price by sector and year.

Working Population

Educational Pyramid

Measure

In 2021, 0.824% of men over 25 years of age had not completed any academic degree (no schooling), while 0.764% of women were in the same situation.

This visualization shows the gender distribution of the population according to the academic level reached.

Educational Attainment

Race

The most common educational levels obtained by the working population of Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH in 2021 were High School or Equivalent (35.3k), Some college (17k), and Secondary Education (16.2k).

This visualization illustrates the percentage distribution of the population according to the highest educational level reached. You can filter the data by race by using the selector above.

Housing & Living

The median property value in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH was $132,200 in 2021, which is 0.54 times smaller than the national average of $244,900. Between 2020 and 2021 the median property value increased from $126,900 to $132,200, a 4.18% increase. The homeownership rate in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH is 71.1%, which is approximately the same as the national average of 64.6%.

People in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH have an average commute time of 29.1 minutes, and they drove alone to work. Car ownership in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH is approximately the same as the national average, with an average of 2 cars per household.

Median household income in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH is $52,585. In 2021, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH was Delaware County PUMA, OH with a value of $116,284, followed by Loveland, Montgomery Cities & Forestville PUMA, OH and Monroe City & Beckett Ridge PUMA, OH, with respective values of $113,073 and $109,071.

Housing

Property

$132,200

Median Property Value 2021

±$5,293

$30,728

Median Property Taxes

±$1,142

The following chart display owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH the largest share of households pay taxes in the $800 - $1,499 range.

The chart underneath the paragraph shows the property taxes in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies.

Rent vs Own

71.1%

Homeownership

2021

63.3%

Homeowners with Mortgage

2021

In 2021, 71.1% of the housing units in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH were occupied by their owner. This percentage grew from the previous year's rate of 68.9%.

This chart shows the percentage of owner in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Equity

Income by Location

Use the dropdown to filter by race/ethnicity.

Race/Ethnicity

Highest Median Household Income (Total)

In 2021, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH was Delaware County PUMA, OH with a value of $116,284, followed by Loveland, Montgomery Cities & Forestville PUMA, OH and Monroe City & Beckett Ridge PUMA, OH, with respective values of $113,073 and $109,071.

The following map shows all of the PUMAs in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH colored by their Median Household Income (Total).

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$52,585

Median Household Income

± $2,016

43.2k

Number of Households

± 1,461

In 2021, the median household income of the 43.2k households in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH grew to $52,585 from the previous year's value of $49,031.

The following chart displays the households in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the $75k - $100k range.

Wage Distribution

0.414

2021 Wage GINI in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH

0.439

2020 Wage GINI in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH

In 2021, the income inequality in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH was 0.414 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 5.59% decline from 2020 to 2021, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat more even. The GINI for Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH was lower than than the national average of 0.478. In other words, wages are distributed more evenly in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Transportation

Commuter Transportation

Most Common Commute in 2021

Drove Alone (82.2%)
Carpooled (8.89%)
Worked At Home (5.26%)

In 2021, 82.2% of workers in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH drove alone to work, followed by those who carpooled to work (8.89%) and those who worked at home (5.26%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Commute Time

29.1 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH have a longer commute time (29.1 minutes) than the normal US worker (26.8 minutes). Additionally, 3.75% of the workforce in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Car Ownership

2 cars

Average Number

The following chart displays the households in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH have 2 cars.

Poverty

Poverty & Diversity

16.3% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH (18k out of 110k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is higher than the national average of 12.6%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Females 25 - 34, followed by Males < 5 and then Females 35 - 44.

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH is White, followed by Two Or More and Black.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

Social Needs

Data only available at the state level.

Most prevalent states

California
35,798 individuals
New York
5,087 individuals
Florida
4,915 individuals

In 2017, California had the highest estimated number of chronically homeless individuals in the nation, at 35,798. New York has the second highest (5,087), followed by Florida (4,915).

The following map shows the estimated number of chronically homeless individuals by state over multiple years.

Health

91.6% of the population of Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH has health coverage, with 42.4% on employee plans, 23.8% on Medicaid, 13.2% on Medicare, 9.94% on non-group plans, and 2.18% on military or VA plans.

Primary care physicians in Ohio see 1291 patients per year on average, which represents a 0.921% decrease from the previous year (1303 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 1566 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 346 patients per year.

Coverage

Patient to Clinician Ratios

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Ohio.

1,291 to 1

Patient to Primary Care Physician Ratio in Ohio

Primary care physicians in Ohio see an average of 1,291 patients per year. This represents a 0.921% decrease from the previous year (1,303 patients).

The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in Ohio in comparison to its neighboring geographies.

Health Care Diversity

In 2021, insured persons according to age ranges were distributed in 25.3% under 18 years, 18.4% between 18 and 34 years, 39.2% between 35 and 64 years, and 17.1% over 64 years.

By gender, of the total number of insured persons, 48.8% were men and 51.2% were women.

The following chart shows the number of people with health coverage by gender.

Uninsured People

8.42%

Uninsured

42.4%

Employer Coverage

23.8%

Medicaid

13.2%

Medicare

9.94%

Non-Group

2.18%

Military or VA

Between 2020 and 2021, the percent of uninsured citizens in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH grew by 7.48% from 7.84% to 8.42%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Highland, Clinton & Adams Counties PUMA, OH changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.