Cumberland County, PA

County

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Population

247,433

0.664% 1-year growth

US Senator

Bob Casey Jr.

Democratic Party

US Senator

Pat Toomey

Republican Party

Median Age

40.5

Poverty Rate

7.41%

Median Household Income

$68,895

5.11% 1-year growth

Median Property Value

$197,900

1.96% 1-year growth

Number of Employees

125,972

1.95% 1-year growth

About

In 2018, Cumberland County, PA had a population of 247k people with a median age of 40.5 and a median household income of $68,895. Between 2017 and 2018 the population of Cumberland County, PA grew from 245,801 to 247,433, a 0.664% increase and its median household income grew from $65,544 to $68,895, a 5.11% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in Cumberland County, PA are White (Non-Hispanic) (86.3%), Asian (Non-Hispanic) (4.06%), Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (3.55%), Two+ (Non-Hispanic) (2.18%), and White (Hispanic) (1.97%). NaNk% of the people in Cumberland County, PA speak a non-English language, and 96.9% are U.S. citizens.

The largest universities in Cumberland County, PA are Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania (1,825 degrees awarded in 2017), Messiah College (833 degrees), and Dickinson College (631 degrees).

The median property value in Cumberland County, PA is $197,900, and the homeownership rate is 70.4%. Most people in Cumberland County, PA commute by Drove Alone, and the average commute time is 21.3 minutes. The average car ownership in Cumberland County, PA is 2 cars per household.

Cumberland County, PA borders Adams County, PA, Franklin County, PA, Perry County, PA, York County, PA, and Dauphin County, PA.

United States Pennsylvania Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA

COVID-19

Daily New Cases by Date

Showing data at the state level for Pennsylvania. Hospitalization data for some states may be delayed or not reported.

This chart shows the number of COVID-19 daily new cases by date in Pennsylvania, as a 7-day rolling average, compared with the four states with the most similar number of confirmed cases.

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Impact on Employment

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Pennsylvania.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in Pennsylvania (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

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Community Mobility

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Pennsylvania.

This chart presents movement trends over time in the state of Pennsylvania across different categories of places such as retail and recreation, groceries and pharmacies, parks, transit stations, workplaces, and residential.

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Civics

In the 2016 presidential election, the popular vote in Cumberland County, PA went to Donald J. Trump with 56.8% of the vote. The runner-up was Hillary Rodham Clinton (38.7%), followed by Other (4.49%). The most partisan county was Fulton County, PA with 84.1% of the vote going to Donald J. Trump running for the Republican Party.

Bob Casey Jr. and Pat Toomey are the senators currently representing the state of Pennsylvania. In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

Pennsylvania is currently represented by 18 members in the U.S. house, and members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms.

Presidential Popular Vote Over Time

Showing data up to the 2016 election. Updated election results are currently being processed, and will be released in the coming months.

2016 Election Results

Donald J. Trump (56.8%)
Republican Party
Hillary Rodham Clinton (38.7%)
Democratic Party
Other (4.49%)
Other Party

In the 2016 presidential election, the popular vote in Pennsylvania went to Donald J. Trump with 56.8% of the vote. The runner-up was Hillary Rodham Clinton (38.7%), followed by Other (4.49%).

The following chart shows the popular vote results in Pennsylvania for each registered party from 1976 to 2016.

Presidential Popular Vote by County

Presidential voting results are only available at the county level. Showing data for the counties inside of Pennsylvania.

Showing data up to the 2016 election. Updated election results are currently being processed, and will be released in the coming months.

Donald J. Trump

Popular Vote for Cumberland County, PA

56.8% for the Republican Party

Most Partisan Counties in Pennsylvania

Fulton County, PA
84.1% for Donald J. Trump (Republican Party)
Bedford County, PA
82.7% for Donald J. Trump (Republican Party)
Philadelphia County, PA
82.5% for Hillary Rodham Clinton (Democratic Party)

In the 2016 presidential election, the most partisan county in Pennsylvania was Fulton County, PA with 84.1% of the vote going to Donald J. Trump running for the Republican Party.

The following map shows the counties in Pennsylvania colored by their party leaning.

US Senators from Pennsylvania

Senatorial voting results are only available at the state level. Showing data for Pennsylvania.

Bob Casey Jr.

Senator from Pennsylvania

Assumed office on January 3, 2007

Pat Toomey

Senator from Pennsylvania

Assumed office on January 3, 2011

Bob Casey Jr. and Pat Toomey are the senators currently representing Pennsylvania.

In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

The following chart shows elected senators in Pennsylvania over time, excluding special elections, colored by their political party.

US Representatives from Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania is currently represented by 18 members in the U.S. house.

Members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms, and the following chart shows the how the members for Pennsylvania have changed over time starting in 2008.

Diversity

Cumberland County, PA is home to a population of 247k people, from which 96.9% are citizens. As of 2018, 6.35% of Cumberland County, PA residents were born outside of the country (15.7k people).

In 2018, there were 21.2 times more White (Non-Hispanic) residents (213k people) in Cumberland County, PA than any other race or ethnicity. There were 10.1k Asian (Non-Hispanic) and 8.77k Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in Cumberland County, PA

White (Non-Hispanic)
213k ± 150
Asian (Non-Hispanic)
10.1k ± 437
Black or African American (Non-Hispanic)
8.77k ± 486

3.73%

Hispanic Population

9.22k people

3.73% of the people in Cumberland County, PA are hispanic (9.22k people).

The following chart shows the 7 races represented in Cumberland County, PA as a share of the total population.

Heritage

Foreign-Born Population

6.35%

2018 Foreign-Born Population

15.7k people

6.05%

2017 Foreign-Born Population

14.9k people

As of 2018, 6.35% of Cumberland County, PA residents (15.7k people) were born outside of the United States, which is lower than the national average of 13.7%. In 2017, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Cumberland County, PA was 6.05%, meaning that the rate has been increasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Cumberland County, PA compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Age by Nativity

Median Native-Born Age

± 0.3

Median Foreign-Born Age

± 0.6

In 2018, the median age of all people in Cumberland County, PA was 40.5. Native-born citizens, with a median age of 41, were generally older than than foreign-born citizens, with a median age of 40. But people in Cumberland County, PA are getting staying the same age. In 2017, the average age of all Cumberland County, PA residents was 41.

Global Diversity

The PUMS dataset is not available at the County level, so we are showing data for Pennsylvania.

Most Common Origin

India
81,562 ± 6,989 people
China
63,036 ± 6,149 people
Mexico
54,918 ± 5,741 people

In 2017, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of Pennsylvania was India, the natal country of 81,562 Pennsylvania residents, followed by China with 63,036 and Mexico with 54,918.

Citizenship

96.9%

2018 Citizenship

97%

2017 Citizenship

As of 2018, 96.9% of Cumberland County, PA residents were US citizens, which is higher than the national average of 93.2%. In 2017, the percentage of US citizens in Cumberland County, PA was 97%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been decreasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Cumberland County, PA compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Vietnam
5,830 ± 400
Gulf War (2001-)
3,303 ± 352
Gulf War (1990s)
2,546 ± 334

Cumberland County, PA has a large population of military personnel who served in Vietnam, 1.77 times greater than any other conflict.

Economy

Median household income in Cumberland County, PA is $68,895. In 2018, the tract with the highest Median Household Income in Cumberland County, PA was Census Tract 116.02 with a value of $115,505, followed by Census Tract 113.03 and Census Tract 104, with respective values of $112,941 and $110,024.

Males in Pennsylvania have an average income that is 1.35 times higher than the average income of females, which is $49,502. The income inequality in Pennsylvania (measured using the Gini index) is 0.469, which is lower than than the national average.

The economy of Cumberland County, PA employs 126k people. The largest industries in Cumberland County, PA are Health Care & Social Assistance (16,613 people), Retail Trade (16,050 people), and Educational Services (11,345 people), and the highest paying industries are Professional, Scientific, & Technical Services ($70,759), Utilities ($67,222), and Public Administration ($61,545).

Wages

Median Household Income

$68,895

2018 value

± $1,591

5.11%

1 Year Growth

± 2.84%

Households in Cumberland County, PA have a median annual income of $68,895, which is more than the median annual income of $61,937 across the entire United States. This is in comparison to a median income of $65,544 in 2017, which represents a 5.11% annual growth.

The following chart shows how the median household income in Cumberland County, PA compares to that of its neighboring and parent geographies.

Wage by Gender in Common Jobs

The PUMS dataset is not available at the County level, so we are showing data for Pennsylvania.

$67,039

Average Male Salary in Pennsylvania

± $1,040

$49,502

Average Female Salary in Pennsylvania

± $757

In 2017, full-time male employees in Pennsylvania made 1.35 times more than female employees.

This chart shows the gender-based wage disparity in the 5 most common occupations in Pennsylvania by number of full-time employees.

Wage by Race and Ethnicity in Common Jobs

The PUMS dataset is not available at the County level, so we are showing data for Pennsylvania.

Highest Average Salaries by Race & Ethnicity in Pennsylvania

Asian
$61,450 ± $4,076
White
$51,412 ± $642
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
$38,644 ± $21,965

In 2017 the highest paid race/ethnicity of Pennsylvania workers was Asian. These workers were paid 1.2 times more than White workers, who made the second highest salary of any race/ethnicity in Pennsylvania.

This chart shows the race- and ethnicity-based wage disparities in the 5 most common occupations in Pennsylvania by number of full-time employees.

Wage Distribution

The closest comparable wage GINI for Cumberland County, PA is from Pennsylvania.

0.469

2017 Wage GINI in Pennsylvania

0.469

2016 Wage GINI in Pennsylvania

In 2017, the income inequality in Pennsylvania was 0.469 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 0.19% growth from 2016 to 2017, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat less even. The GINI for Pennsylvania was lower than than the national average of 0.479. In other words, wages are distributed more evenly in Pennsylvania in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in Pennsylvania across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Income by Location

Use the dropdown to filter by race/ethnicity.

Highest Median Household Income (Total)

Census Tract 116.02
Census Tract 113.03
Census Tract 104

In 2018, the tract with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in Cumberland County, PA was Census Tract 116.02 with a value of $115,505, followed by Census Tract 113.03 and Census Tract 104, with respective values of $112,941 and $110,024.

The following map shows all of the tracts in Cumberland County, PA colored by their Median Household Income (Total).

Poverty by Age and Gender

Females 18 - 24

Largest Demographic Living in Poverty

7.41% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Cumberland County, PA (17.3k out of 234k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is lower than the national average of 13.1%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Females 18 - 24, followed by Females 25 - 34 and then Males 18 - 24.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

Poverty by Race and Ethnicity

Largest Race or Ethnicity Living in Poverty

White
13,254 ± 813
Hispanic
2,058 ± 301
Black
2,009 ± 385

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Cumberland County, PA is White, followed by Hispanic and Black.

Occupations

Employment by Occupations

126k

2018 Value

± 2,319

1.95%

1 Year growth

± 2.53%

From 2017 to 2018, employment in Cumberland County, PA grew at a rate of 1.95%, from 124k employees to 126k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in Cumberland County, PA, are Office & Administrative Support Occupations (16,118 people), Sales & Related Occupations (13,196 people), and Management Occupations (12,569 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Cumberland County, PA.

Most Common

The most common jobs held by residents of Cumberland County, PA, by number of employees, are Office & Administrative Support Occupations (16,118 people), Sales & Related Occupations (13,196 people), and Management Occupations (12,569 people).

Most Specialized

Compared to other counties, Cumberland County, PA has an unusually high number of residents working as Material Moving Occupations (1.7 times higher than expected), Computer & Mathematical Occupations (1.52 times), and Business & Financial Operations Occupations (1.36 times).

Highest Paid

The highest paid jobs held by residents of Cumberland County, PA, by median earnings, are Legal Occupations ($80,515), Computer & Mathematical Occupations ($78,822), and Computer, Engineering, & Science Occupations ($76,522).

Industries

Employment by Industries

126k

2018 Value

± 2,319

1.95%

1 Year growth

± 2.53%

From 2017 to 2018, employment in Cumberland County, PA grew at a rate of 1.95%, from 124k employees to 126k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in Cumberland County, PA, are Health Care & Social Assistance (16,613 people), Retail Trade (16,050 people), and Educational Services (11,345 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Cumberland County, PA, though some of these residents may live in Cumberland County, PA and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Most Common

The most common industries in Cumberland County, PA, by number of employees, are Health Care & Social Assistance (16,613 people), Retail Trade (16,050 people), and Educational Services (11,345 people).

Most Specialized

Compared to other counties, Cumberland County, PA has an unusually high number of Management of Companies & Enterprises (2.47 times higher than expected), Public Administration (1.86 times), and Finance & Insurance (1.41 times) industries.

Highest Paying

The highest paying industries in Cumberland County, PA, by median earnings, are Professional, Scientific, & Technical Services ($70,759), Utilities ($67,222), and Public Administration ($61,545).

Domestic Trade

Domestic Production & Consumption

Domestic production and consumption consists of products and services shipped from Pennsylvania to other states, or from other states to Pennsylvania.

Top Domestic Production in Dollars

In 2015, the top outbound Pennsylvania product (by dollars) was Mixed freight with $83B, followed by Coal-n.e.c. ($50.6B) and Pharmaceuticals ($49.7B).

The following chart shows the share of these products in relation to all outbound Pennsylvania products.

Domestic Trade Growth

Showing data for Pennsylvania.

$618B

2015 Value in Pennsylvania

$954B

Projected 2045 Value in Pennsylvania

54.4% growth

In 2015, total outbound Pennsylvania trade was $618B. This is expected to increase 54.4% to $954B by 2045.

The following chart shows how the domestic outbound Pennsylvania trade is projected to change in comparison to its neighboring states.

Interstate Trade

Interstate trade consists of products and services shipped from Pennsylvania to other states, or from other states to Pennsylvania.

Most Common Trade Partners

New York
$61B
New Jersey
$57.7B
Ohio
$33.1B

In 2015, the top outbound Pennsylvania domestic partner for goods and services (by dollars) was New York with $61B, followed by New Jersey with $57.7B and Ohio and $33.1B.

The following map shows the amount of trade that Pennsylvania shares with each state (excluding itself).

Education

In 2017, universities in Cumberland County, PA awarded 3,949 degrees. The student population of Cumberland County, PA is skewed towards women, with 6,020 male students and 7,766 female students.

Most students graduating from Universities in Cumberland County, PA are White (3,089 and 80.8%), followed by Black or African American (320 and 8.37%), Hispanic or Latino (178 and 4.66%), and Two or More Races (86 and 2.25%).

The largest universities in Cumberland County, PA by number of degrees awarded are Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania (1,825 and 46.2%), Messiah College (833 and 21.1%), and Dickinson College (631 and 16%).

The most popular majors in Cumberland County, PA are General Business Administration & Management (374 and 9.47%), Criminal Justice - Safety Studies (201 and 5.09%), and General Psychology (199 and 5.04%).

The median tuition costs in Cumberland County, PA are $42,900 for private four year colleges, and $9,000 and $16,858 respectively, for public four year colleges for in-state students and out-of-state students.

Concentrations

Most Common

General Business Administration & Management
244 degree-majorss awarded
General Psychology
185 degree-majorss awarded
Criminal Justice - Safety Studies
157 degree-majorss awarded

In 2015, the most common concentation for Bachelors Degree recipients in Cumberland County, PA was General Business Administration & Management with 244 degree-majorss awarded.

This visualization illustrates the percentage of students graduating with a Bachelors Degree from schools in Cumberland County, PA according to their major.

Universities

Largest Universities by degrees awarded

Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania
1,825 degrees awarded
Messiah College
833 degrees awarded
Dickinson College
631 degrees awarded

$9,000

Median In-State Public

$42,900

Median Private

In 2017, the Cumberland County, PA institution with the largest number of graduating students was Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania with 1,825 degrees awarded.

Student Gender for Common Institutions

1,712

Degrees Awarded to Men

2,237

Degrees Awarded to Women

In 2017, 1,712 men were awarded degrees from institutions in Cumberland County, PA, which is 0.765 times less than the 2,237 female students who received degrees in the same year.

This chart displays the gender disparity between the top 5 institutions in Cumberland County, PA by degrees awarded.

Student Race and Ethnicity

Most Common Student Race or Ethnicity

White
3,089 degrees awarded
Black or African American
320 degrees awarded
Hispanic or Latino
178 degrees awarded

In 2017 the majority of degrees awarded at institutions in Cumberland County, PA were to White students. These 3,089 degrees mean that there were 9.65 times more White students then the next closest race/ethnicity group, Black or African American, with 320 degrees awarded.

Housing & Living

The median property value in Cumberland County, PA was $197,900 in 2018, which is 0.862 times smaller than the national average of $229,700. Between 2017 and 2018 the median property value increased from $194,100 to $197,900, a 1.96% increase. The homeownership rate in Cumberland County, PA is 70.4%, which is higher than the national average of 63.9%. People in Cumberland County, PA have an average commute time of 21.3 minutes, and they commute by Drove Alone. Car ownership in Cumberland County, PA is approximately the same as the national average, with an average of 2 cars per household.

Housing

Property Value

$197,900

2018 Median

± $2,051

$194,100

2017 Median

± $2,440

In 2018, the median property value in Cumberland County, PA grew to to $197,900 from the previous year's value of $194,100.

The following charts display, first, the property values in Cumberland County, PA compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies and, second, owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property value buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Cumberland County, PA the largest share of households have a property value in the N/A range.

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$68,895

Median Household Income

± $1,591

98.9k

Number of Households

± 2,074

In 2018, the median household income of the 98.9k households in Cumberland County, PA grew to $68,895 from the previous year's value of $65,544.

The following chart displays the households in Cumberland County, PA distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the $75k - $100k range.

Property Taxes

$3k+

Average Range

This chart shows the households in Cumberland County, PA distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Cumberland County, PA the largest share of households pay taxes in the $3k+ range.

Rent vs Own

70.4%

2018 Homeownership

70.7%

2017 Homeownership

In 2018, 70.4% of the housing units in Cumberland County, PA were occupied by their owner. This percentage declined from the previous year's rate of 70.7%.

This percentage of owner-occupation is higher than the national average of 63.9%. This chart shows the ownership percentage in Cumberland County, PA compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Commute Time

21.3 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in Cumberland County, PA have a shorter commute time (21.3 minutes) than the normal US worker (25.3 minutes). Additionally, 2.15% of the workforce in Cumberland County, PA have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in Cumberland County, PA compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Commuter Transportation

Most Common Method of Travel

Drove Alone
82%
Carpooled
7.94%
Worked At Home
4.51%

In 2018, the most common method of travel for workers in Cumberland County, PA was Drove Alone (82%), followed by those who Carpooled (7.94%) and those who Worked At Home (4.51%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Transportation

Car Ownership

2 cars

Average Number

The following chart displays the households in Cumberland County, PA distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Cumberland County, PA have 2 cars, followed by 3 cars.

Health

94.2% of the population of Cumberland County, PA has health coverage, with 57.9% on employee plans, 8.32% on Medicaid, 13.4% on Medicare, 12.6% on non-group plans, and 1.91% on military or VA plans.

Per capita personal health care spending in Pennsylvania was $9,258 in 2014. This is a 4.29% increase from the previous year ($8,877).

Primary care physicians in Cumberland County, PA see 1080 patients per year on average, which represents a 0.277% decrease from the previous year (1083 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 1404 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 566 patients per year.

Comparing across all counties in the state, Fayette County has the highest prevalence of diabetes (16%). Additionally, Clearfield County has the highest prevalence of adult obesity (39.3%)

Patient to Clinician Ratios

1,080 to 1

Patient to Primary Care Physician Ratio in Cumberland County, PA

Primary care physicians in Cumberland County, PA see an average of 1,080 patients per year. This represents a 0.277% decrease from the previous year (1,083 patients).

The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in Cumberland County, PA in comparison to its neighboring geographies.

Behavioral Health Conditions

Data only available at the state level.

State with the Highest Prevalence

West Virginia
8.26% of the population affected
Arkansas
8.13% of the population affected
New Hampshire
7.98% of the population affected

In 2016, West Virginia had the highest prevalence of adults with major depressive episode, with 8.26% of the population affected. The second highest is Arkansas (8.13%), followed by New Hampshire (7.98%).

The following map shows the percent of individuals with major depressive episode by state over multiple years.

Social Needs

Data only available at the state level.

Most prevalent states

California
35,798 individuals
New York
5,087 individuals
Florida
4,915 individuals

In 2017, California had the highest estimated number of chronically homeless individuals in the nation, at 35,798. New York has the second highest (5,087), followed by Florida (4,915).

The following map shows the estimated number of chronically homeless individuals by state over multiple years.

Access and Quality

Data only available at state level.

Most prevalent states

Mississippi
19.2% of adults
Texas
17.9% of adults
Louisiana
17.6% of adults

In 2016, Mississippi had the highest prevalence of adults who haven't seen a doctor in the past 12 months due to cost, at 19.2%. It is followed by Texas (17.9%) and Louisiana (17.6%).

The following map shows the prevalence of adults who haven't seen a doctor in the past 12 months due to cost by state over multiple years.

Health Care Spending

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Pennsylvania.

$9,258

Total Per Capita Spending on Personal Health Care in Pennsylvania

$4,634

Per Enrollee Private Health Insurance Spending on Personal Health Care

$9,407

Per Enrollee Medicaid Spending on Personal Health Care

$11,243

Per Enrollee Medicare Spending on Personal Health Care

Between 2013 and 2014, all personal health care spending per capita in Pennsylvania (including private, Medicare, and Medicaid) grew 4.29%, from $8,877 to $9,258.

The following chart shows how this spending changed over time in comparison to Medicaid, Medicare, and private insurance spending, per enrollee.

Health Care Coverage

5.77%

Uninsured

57.9%

Employer Coverage

8.32%

Medicaid

13.4%

Medicare

12.6%

Non-Group

1.91%

Military or VA

Between 2017 and 2018, the percent of uninsured citizens in Cumberland County, PA declined by 5.92% from 6.13% to 5.77%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Cumberland County, PA changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.